Material about "Hindu (PURA)" for tour guiding

MEANING A pura is a Balinese Hindu temple and the place of worship for the adherents of Balinese Hinduism in Indonesia. Most of the puras are found on the island of Bali, as Hinduism is the predominant religion in the island; however many puras exist in other parts of Indonesia where there are significant numbers of Balinese people. Mother Temple of Besakih is the most important, the largest and holiest temple in Bali. A large number of puras have been built in Bali, leading it to gain the nickname "the Island of a Thousand Puras". Bali is known as an island of thousands temples. In every village in Bali, there are several temples and at least one small temple in each home of Balinese which reach to a total of 10.000. Balinese word for temple is ‘pura’ which means 'space surrounded by a wall'. Although many temples are quiet and uninhabited, they are transformed into colorful, active and decorated places of worship when there is a festival. While offerings are made, performances of traditional dances and gamelan, cockfighting and gambling enliven the atmosphere. FUNCTION Temple is a Hindu shrine that serves as a place of worship Hyang Widhi Wasa in every Prabawa-HIS (HIS manifestation) and or Atma Sidha Gods (Holy Spirit Ancestors) by means yadnya ceremony as the embodiment of the Tri Marga. Classification of temple in Bali. Based on the function are classified into two groups: 1. Jagat Pura Pura namely that serves as a holy place to worship Hyang Widhi Wasa in any Prabawa HIM (His manifestation). 2. Pura Kawitan the temple serves as a shrine to worship the Gods Sidha Atma (Holy Spirit Ancestors). Based on the characterization classified into four groups: 1. Goda Jagat Pura Pura is a place of worship Hyang Widhi Wasa in any His Prabawa (His manifestation) as Pura Pura Jagat Sad Goda and others. 2. Goda Pura Desa (territorial) that temple disungsung by Village People. 3. Swagina Pura (Temple Functional) temple is bound by ties swaginanya penyiwinya (Kekaryaannya) having the same profession in the livelihood systems of life such as Pura Subak, Pura Melanting and the like. 4. Pura Pura Kawitan which are determined by the bond penyiwinya "wit" or ancestor by birth line (Genealogies), as Sanggah / merajan, Pretiwi, Mother, Nursing, Dadia, Batur, Dadia, Upgrading Dadia, Dalem Dadia, Dadia, Pedharman and the like . Pura classification purposes. 1. To increase understanding and awareness of the people of the temple as a holy place of Hindus. 2. Avoid any misinterpretation that the presence of many Palinggih in a temple, considered polytheistic Hinduism. HISTORY The term pura originates from the Sanskrit word (-pur, -puri, -pura, -puram, -pore), meaning "city", "walled city", "towered city", or "palace". During the development of the Balinese language the term pura came to refer to a religious temple complex, while the term puri came to refer to palace, the residence of kings and nobles, similar to Javanese kratons. KINDS There are several types of pura, each serving certain functions of Balinese rituals throughout the Balinese calendar. 1. Pura kahyangan jagad: pura that are located in the mountainous region of the island, built upon mountain or volcano slopes. The mountains are considered as the sacred realm, the abode of gods or hyang. The most important pura kahyangan in Bali is Mother Temple of Besakih complex on the slopes of Mount Agung. 2. Pura segara: pura that are located by the sea to appease the sea deities. It is usually important during the Melasti ritual. The example of this type of temple is Pura Tanah Lot and Pura Uluwatu. 3. Pura desa: pura that are located within villages or cities, serving as the center of Balinese people's religious activities. 4. Pura tirta: "water temples", a type of pura that other than religious function, also have water management function as part of Subak irrigation system. The priests in these temples have authority to manage the water allocation among rice paddies in the villages surrounds the temple. Some tirta temples are noted for its sacred water and having petirtaan or sacred bathing pool for cleansing ritual. Other water temple are built within lakes, such as Pura Ulun Danu Bratan. The example of this type of temple are Pura Taman Ayun and Pura Tirta Empul. LAYOUT / CONSTRUCTION Unlike the common towering indoor Indian Hindu temple, puras are designed as an open air place of worship within enclosed walls, connected with a series of intricately decorated gates between its compounds. This walled compounds contains several shrines, meru (towers), and bale (pavilions). The design, plan and layout of the pura follows the trimandala concept of Balinese space allocation. Three mandala zones arranged according to a sacred hierarchy: 1. Nista mandala (jaba pisan): the outer zone, which directly connects the pura compound with the outer realm, and the entrance to the temple. This zone usually takes the form of an open field or a garden that can be used for religious dance performances, or act as an additional space for preparations during religious festivals. 2. Madya mandala (jaba tengah): the middle zone of the temple, where the activity of adherents takes place, and also the location for supporting facilities of the temple. In this zone usually several pavilions are built, such as the bale kulkul (wooden Slit drum tower), bale gong (gamelan pavilion), wantilan (meeting pavilion), bale pesandekan, and bale perantenan, the temple's kitchen. 3. Utama mandala (jero): the holiest and the most sacred zone within the pura. This enclosed and typically highest of the compounds usually contains a padmasana, the towering lotus throne of the highest god, Acintya (or as he is often known to modern Balinese, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa). Pelinggih meru, the multiple roofed tower, is similar in design to Chinese or Japanese pagodas. The most sacred compound also contains several pavilions, such as bale pawedan (vedic chanting pavilion), bale piyasan, bale pepelik, bale panggungan, bale murda, and gedong penyimpenan (storehouse of the temple's relics). However, the layout rules for arrangements the facilities of the two outer zones, nista mandala and madya mandala, are somewhat flexible. Several structures, such as the bale kulkul, could be built as outer corner tower; also, the perantenan (temple's kitchen) could be located in the Nista mandala. Gates: There are two types of gates within Balinese architecture: the split gate, known as candi bentar, and the roofed tower gate in Paduraksa style, usually called kori agung. Both types of gates have specific roles in Balinese architectural design. Candi bentar is the gate used in the nista mandala, while the kori agung is employed as the gate between the madya mandala and Utama mandala inner compounds. The rules for gate types are also valid for non-religious compounds such as puri, nobles' and kings' residences. ARCHITEC In general, the architecture of temples of Bali must have Main area or called Mandala. Mandala usually have a value of magical, sacred, silence and become a major place of prayer. There are three or called Tri Mandala Mandala consisting Main, Nista and Associate. All three are different in terms of order value. As for the physical form, the temple architecture is divided into three parts, namely the head, body and legs. The layout of the temple architecture is based on the location of Mount Agung place where the sun rises. Temple architecture in Bali is very concerned with the rules of traditional architecture called Asta Kosala Kosali. Kosala Kosali contains the rules in making the temple as the temple building measures, layout of rooms and buildings. The walls of temple architecture commonly used materials of brick or stone that is the result of black lava of Mount Agung. But now many are made from a mixture of cement and sand. Part of the building that uses wood typically use wood and wood types Chrysolite jackfruit. For the top or roof of the building wore palm fiber material or zinc material. Balinese temple architecture can not be separated from the ornament shaped carvings and cloth covering certain parts. Temple architecture in Bali can not be separated from the form of the temple and the temple Bentar Brackets. Two forms of this temple will always adorn the temple form. The people who will enter the temple will meet briefly temple and later the temple brackets. Initially the people entered the temple with the aim that moment when entering the temple should be able to separate the negative thoughts before prayer. Then people will see the temple brackets so that they focus to the creator. It would be nice if the visitors of the temple had learned the philosophy of the second temple. Bentar temple consists of two buildings flanking congruent to the left and right so that the middle looks like a crack like entrance. Shaped like a gate. The bottom is fused in a separate household, while the upper part is perfect. Many temples in Bali which has a temple form this moment. Arch-like shape is usually located on the outside of the temple to welcome the people who will enter. Bentar temple is indeed serves to separate the inside or the outside or Associate with Nista of the temple. Behind the form, there is the inner meaning of the always symbolize the two different or opposite on this earth. There are good things and bad, there are times of the day and night, and so on. Other forms of temple architecture is like a temple brackets. If the temple is a moment in the middle of the road or do not meet in between the two buildings, temples brackets do not like it. The two buildings on either side of the temple brackets converge to form a cone. These cones are believed to symbolize the mountain as a sacred place. Temple brackets often called Kori Agung, Kori Agung means the door and the main means. Unlike the moment temples, the temple brackets separating the central courtyard temple and the main temple courtyard. Each temple has two common forms of this temple.